Army Survival Manual

• Army Survival Manual Fm 3-05.70
• U.s. Army Survival Manual
• U.s. Army Survival Manual Fm 21-76

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Survival skills are techniques that a person may use in order to sustain life in any type of natural environment or built environment. These techniques are meant to provide basic necessities for human life which include water, food, and shelter. The skills also support proper knowledge and interactions with animals and plants to promote the sustaining of life over a period of time. Survival skills are often associated with the need to survive in a disaster situation.^[1] Survival skills are often basic ideas and abilities that ancients invented and used themselves for thousands of years.^[2] Outdoor activities such as hiking, backpacking, horseback riding, fishing, and hunting all require basic wilderness survival skills, especially in handling emergency situations. Bushcraft and primitive living are most often self-implemented, but require many of the same skills.

• 8Urban survival

First aid[edit]

And survival manual. Include a weapon only if the situation so dictates. Ambassadors and theater commanders may prohibit weapons even in extreme circumstances. Read and practice the survival techniques in this manual and apply these basic concepts to those you read about in other civilian publications. Consider your. And survival manual. Include a weapon only if the situation so dictates. Ambassadors and theater commanders may prohibit weapons even in extreme circumstances. Read and practice the survival techniques in this manual and apply these basic concepts to those you read about in other civilian publications. Consider your. Survival, evasion, and recovery multiservice procedures for survival, evasion, and recovery fm 21-76-1 mcrp 3-02h nwp 3-50.3 afttp(i) 3-2.26 june 1999 distribution restriction.

First aid (wilderness first aid in particular) can help a person survive and function with injuries and illnesses that would otherwise kill or incapacitate him/her. Common and dangerous injuries include:

• Bites from snakes, spiders and other wild animals
• Hypothermia (too cold) and hyperthermia (too hot)
• Infection through food, animal contact, or drinking non-potable water
• Poisoning from consumption of, or contact with, poisonous plants or poisonous fungi
• Sprains, particularly of the ankle
• Wounds, which may become infected

The survivor may need to apply the contents of a first aid kit or, if possessing the required knowledge, naturally occurring medicinal plants, immobilize injured limbs, or even transport incapacitated comrades.

Shelter[edit]

Many people who are forced into survival situations often get into serious trouble because of direct exposure to the elements. Most people in survival situations die of hypothermia, which can be easily avoided with basic survival skills. A shelter can range from a natural shelter, such as a cave, overhanging rock outcrop, or fallen-down tree, to an intermediate form of man-made shelter such as a debris hut, tree pit shelter, or snow cave, to completely man-made structures such as a tarp, tent, or longhouse. Here are some things to think about when planning to build a shelter:

Shelter considerations:

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- Location (away from hazards, near materials)

- Insulation (from ground, rain, wind, air)

- Heat Source (body heat or fire-heated)

- Personal or Group Shelter

Fire[edit]

Making fire is recognized in the sources as significantly increasing the ability to survive physically and mentally. Lighting a fire without a lighter or matches, e.g. by using natural flint and steel with tinder, is a frequent subject of both books on survival and in survival courses. There is an emphasis placed on practicing fire-making skills before venturing into the wilderness. Producing fire under adverse conditions has been made much easier by the introduction of tools such as the solar spark lighter and the fire piston.

To start a fire one needs some sort of heat source hot enough to start a fire, kindling, and wood. Starting a fire is really all about growing a flame without putting it out in the process.

One fire starting technique involves using a black powder firearm if one is available. Proper gun safety should be used with this technique to avoid injury or death. The technique includes ramming cotton cloth or wadding down the barrel of the firearm until the cloth is against the powder charge. Next, the gun is fired upward in a safe direction, and ones runs and picks up the cloth that is projected out of the barrel, and then blows it into flame. It works better if there is a supply of tinder at hand so that the cloth can be placed against it to start the fire.^[3]

Fire is presented as a tool meeting many survival needs. The heat provided by a fire warms the body, dries wet clothes, disinfects water, and cooks food. Not to be overlooked is the psychological boost and the sense of safety and protection it gives. In the wild, fire can provide a sensation of home, a focal point, in addition to being an essential energy source. Fire may deter wild animals from interfering with a survivor, however wild animals may be attracted to the light and heat of a fire.

Water[edit]

A human being can survive an average of three to five days without the intake of water. The issues presented by the need for water dictate that unnecessary water loss by perspiration be avoided in survival situations. The need for water increases with exercise.^[4] Since the human body is composed of up to 78% water, it should be no surprise that water is higher on the list than fire or food. Ideally, a person should drink about a gallon of water per day. Many lost persons perish due to dehydration, and/or the debilitating effects of water-born pathogens from untreated water.

A typical person will lose minimally two to maximally four liters of water per day under ordinary conditions, and more in hot, dry, or cold weather. Four to six liters of water or other liquids are generally required each day in the wilderness to avoid dehydration and to keep the body functioning properly.^[5] The U.S. Army survival manual does not recommend drinking water only when thirsty, as this leads to underhydrating. Instead, water should be drunk at regular intervals.^[6][7] Other groups recommend rationing water through 'water discipline'.^[8]

A lack of water causes dehydration, which may result in lethargy, headaches, dizziness, confusion, and eventually death. Even mild dehydration reduces endurance and impairs concentration, which is dangerous in a survival situation where clear thinking is essential. Dark yellow or brown urine is a diagnostic indicator of dehydration. To avoid dehydration, a high priority is typically assigned to locating a supply of drinking water and making provision to render that water as safe as possible.

Recent thinking is that boiling or commercial filters are significantly safer than use of chemicals, with the exception of chlorine dioxide.^[9][10][11]

Food[edit]

Culinary root tubers, fruit, edible mushrooms, edible nuts, edible beans, edible cereals or edible leaves, edible moss, edible cacti and algae can be gathered and if needed, prepared (mostly by boiling). With the exception of leaves, these foods are relatively high in calories, providing some energy to the body. Plants are some of the easiest food sources to find in the jungle, forest or desert because they are stationary and can thus be had without exerting much effort.^[12]Skills and equipment (such as bows, snares and nets) are necessary to gather animal food in the wild include animal trapping, hunting, and fishing.

Food, when cooked in canned packaging (e.g. baked beans) may leach chemicals from their linings.^[13]

Focusing on survival until rescued by presumed searchers, the Boy Scouts of America especially discourages foraging for wild foods on the grounds that the knowledge and skills needed are unlikely to be possessed by those finding themselves in a wilderness survival situation, making the risks (including use of energy) outweigh the benefits.^[14]

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Cockroaches,^[15] flies ^[16] and ants can contaminate food, making it unsafe for consumption.

Navigation[edit]

Those going for trips and hikes are advised^[17] by Search and Rescue Services to notify a trusted contact of their planned return time, then notify them of your return. They can tell them to contact the police for search and rescue if you have not returned by a specific time frame (e.g. 12 hours of your scheduled return time).

Survival situations can often be resolved by finding a way to safety, or a more suitable location to wait for rescue. Types of navigation include:

• Celestial navigation, using the sun and the night sky to locate the cardinal directions and to maintain course of travel
• Using a map, compass or GPS receiver
• Natural navigation, using the condition of surrounding natural objects (i.e. moss on a tree, snow on a hill, direction of running water, etc.)

Mind preparedness[edit]

The mind and its processes are critical to survival. The will to live in a life-and-death situation often separates those that live and those that do not. Stories of heroic feats of survival by regular people with little or no training but a strong will to live are not uncommon. Among them is Juliane Koepcke, who was the sole survivor among the 93 passengers when her plane crashed in the jungle of Peru. Situations can be stressful to the level that even trained experts may be mentally affected. One should be mentally and physically tough during a disaster.

To the extent that stress results from testing human limits, the benefits of learning to function under stress and determining those limits may outweigh the downside of stress.^[18] There are certain strategies and mental tools that can help people cope better in a survival situation, including focusing on manageable tasks, having a Plan B available and recognizing denial.^[19]

Army Survival Manual Fm 3-05.70

Urban survival[edit]

Earthquake[edit]

In a building collapse, it is advised that you:^[20]

• Seek protection under a structure like a table or a doorway
• Cover your mouth with your shirt to filter out dust
• Use your phone light to signal for help, or call
• Don't move till you are sure something wouldn't topple on you

Important survival items[edit]

Often survival practitioners will carry with them a 'survival kit'. This consists of various items that seem necessary or useful for potential survival situations, depending on anticipated challenges and location. Supplies in a survival kit vary greatly by anticipated needs. For wilderness survival, they often contain items like a knife, water container, fire starting apparatus, first aid equipment, food obtaining devices (snare wire, fish hooks, firearms, or other,) a light, navigational aids, and signalling or communications devices. Often these items will have multiple possible uses as space and weight are often at a premium.

Survival kits may be purchased from various retailers or individual components may be bought and assembled into a kit.

Common questionable survival skills[edit]

Some survival books promote the 'Universal Edibility Test'.^[21] Allegedly, it is possible to distinguish edible foods from toxic ones by a series of progressive exposures to skin and mouth prior to ingestion, with waiting periods and checks for symptoms. However, many experts including Ray Mears and John Kallas^[22] reject this method, stating that even a small amount of some 'potential foods' can cause physical discomfort, illness, or death.

Many mainstream survival experts have recommended the act of drinking urine in times of dehydration and malnutrition.^{[citation needed]} However, the United States Air Force Survival Manual (AF 64-4) instructs that this technique is a myth and should never be applied.^{[citation needed]} Several reasons for not drinking urine include the high salt content of urine, potential contaminants, and sometimes bacteria growth, despite urine's being generally 'sterile'.

Many classic cowboy movies, classic survival books and even some school textbooks suggest that sucking the venom out of a snake bite by mouth is an appropriate treatment and/or also for the bitten person to drink their urine after the poisonous animal bite or poisonous insect bite as a mean for the body to provide natural anti-venom. However, venom can not be sucked out and it may be dangerous for a rescuer to attempt to do so. Modern snakebite treatment involves pressure bandages and prompt medical treatment.^[23]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'12 Outdoor Survival Skills Every Guy Should Master'. Men's Fitness. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
2. ^'Wilderness Survival Skills'. www.wilderness-survival.co.uk. 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
3. ^Churchill, James E. The Basic Essentials of Survival. Merrillville, IN: ICS, 1989. Print.
4. ^HowStuffWorks by Charles W. Bryant
5. ^Water Balance; a Key to Cold Weather Survival by Bruce Zawalsky, Chief Instructor, BWI
6. ^'Army Survival Manual; Chapter 13 – Page 2'. Aircav.com. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
7. ^'U.S. Army Survival Manual FM 21-76, also known as FM 3-05.70 May 2002 Issue; drinking water'. Survivalebooks.com. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
8. ^'Water Discipline' at Survival Topics
9. ^'US EPA'. Archived from the original on 29 December 2011. Retrieved 2011-12-27.
10. ^'Wilderness Medical Society'. Wemjournal.org. Retrieved 21 October 2011.^{[dead link]}
11. ^'Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources'. Dnr.wi.gov. 11 March 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012. Retrieved 2011-10-21.
12. ^'Master The Great Outdoors'. www.SurvivalGrounds.com. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
13. ^'Can-Don't: Cooking Canned Foods in Their Own Containers Comes with Risks'.
14. ^Wilderness Survival Merit Badge pamphlet, January 2008, at 38
15. ^'Health risks of cockroaches? - Go Ask Alice!'. goaskalice.columbia.edu.
16. ^Webb, Cameron. 'Should I throw away food once a fly has landed on it?'.
17. ^Police, Victoria. 'Victoria Police - Search and Rescue Squad'. www.police.vic.gov.au.
18. ^Krieger, Leif. 'How to Survive Any Situation'. How to Survive Any Situation. Silvercrown Mountain Outdoor School.
19. ^Leach, John (1994). Survival Psychology. NYU Press.
20. ^https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes
21. ^US Army Survival Manual FM21-76 1998 Dorset press 9th printing ISBN1-56619-022-3
22. ^John Kallas, Ph.D., Director, Institute for the Study of Edible Wild Plants and Other Foragables. Biography^{[failed verification]}Archived 13 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
23. ^Lawson, Malcolm (2013). 'Top 10 Survival Myths Busted'. SCS. DNM International. p. 1. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2015.

Further reading[edit]

• Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills; 8th Ed; Mountaineers Books; 596 pages; 1960 to 2010; ISBN978-1594851384.

U.s. Army Survival Manual

External links[edit]

• Survival at Curlie

Media

• The short film Aircrew Survival: Cold Land Survival is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: Hot Land Survival is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: Survival Kits, Rafts, Accessories is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: Survival Medicine is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: Surviving on Open Water is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: Survival Signalling is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: Tropical Survival is available for free download at the Internet Archive
• The short film Aircrew Survival: The Will to Survive is available for free download at the Internet Archive

The FM 21-76 is the Army’s Field Manual for survival. It is inexpensive and concise and has saved many soldiers lives.

U.s. Army Survival Manual Fm 21-76

FM 21-76 Army Survival Manual

The FM 21-76 Survival Manual was written to be very straight forward and easy to understand. In a survival situation it has everything you’d need to get out alive.

There are many versions of the FM 21-76 Army Survival Manual. I have a few of them ranging from 1957 all the way through March 1986. The new version has updated information that can be very valuable.

The FM21-76 Army Survival Manual is broken up into the following chapters:

1. The Will to Survive: This covers the psychological implications of being lost, alone or stranded and describes how the will to survive is a major part of you staying alive.
2. Survival Planning: Leads you through deciding what you should have in a survival kit and takes you back to the basics of “Be Prepared”. This should sound familiar to you Boy Scouts out there!
3. Survival Medicine: What do you if you or someone with you is injured. It covers most types of general traumas you can encounter and is broad enough to help you deal with situations that it may not cover verbatim.
4. Field Expedient Weapons and Tools: You may not have all the weapons and tools you might need in a survival situation so here’s how you can make them from things you’ll find around you. That’ll get you thinking.
5. Water Procurement: This is one of the most important chapters, you should buy this manual just to read this section. Without water you can die within 3 days, pretty easily. Find water and how to make it safe to drink. Bleach, my city dwelling friends, bleach!
6. Wild Plants for Food: Ok, you’re lost or stranded, alone, time for a salad. Ok, all joking aside, foraging for wild foods is an essential skill. I have tons of books on this subject alone, but this manual gives you the easily identified plants so that you don’t poison yourself. You didn’t come this far to die of poisoning.
7. Wildlife for Food: This is where you get the good input of calories and fats to keep going. This chapter covers traps, snares and some hunting. It’s good knowledge to have and almost all animals are edible (especially Mammals, yum).
8. Shelters: I am under the assumption that if I’m lost, stranded or in a survival situation that the weather will not be sunny and mild. Trust me, it’s going to be a blizzard or raining fire on me, that’s just how it works. Things will be bad enough already so shelter will protect you, keep you warmer than sleeping in the open, and allow you to get some rest for the tasks ahead.
9. Firebuilding: If you’re lucky, you’ll have matches or a lighter, but if not, this is your ticket. Even if you do have matches and a lighter, that’s not going to do you much good if you don’t understand the concepts of tinder and kindling and fire platforms. There is a whole wealth of fire best practices. Read this chapter if you want to cook that snake or mammal you killed and if you don’t want to freeze to death. Fire also shows Lions that you are one bad dude and not to be trifled with, so learn to make fire, BIG FIRE!
10. Water Crossings: Believe it or not, but there are rivers and streams outside. You may find yourself in a situation where you have to ford a stream or cross a river. I mean if there was a bridge right there, then there would probably be a road, so you could pretty much, just follow that back to safety, or hitch a ride. So count on there being no bridges anyplace that is convenient!
11. Field Expedient Direction Finding: How to plot a course and keep traveling in the same direction. Otherwise humans tend to walk in big circles, even when they see their own footprints and assume they are following someone else’s tracks back to safety. Which leads them back in the same circle (wait, didn’t I see that on TV?). This chapter will tell you how to determine directions via the sun, shadows and the stars. Good stuff. Can you find the North Star? I can!
12. Signalling: This is handy and can save you lots of wasted time trying to survive. A signal mirror can be seen for over 50 miles in the right circumstances. Do you know how to signal for help? The skills in this chapter are fantastic and could save you and anyone with you.
13. Desert Survival: I can’t imagine anything worse, than being lost in the desert. This chapter provides the caveats you’ll need to avoid becoming a pile of bleached bones.
14. Tropical Survival: While the tropics are nice for vacations, it is also full of things that want to kill you. Even the insects carry diseases and parasites that are nasty. The water is full of bad things and more parasites. You need to be aware of the dangers and how to avoid them.
15. Arctic and Subarctic Survival: Oh man, you know it’s cold in these areas. I am assuming that fire and shelters come into play here, but there is more to it than you think.
16. Sea Survival: Pleasure cruise gone wrong? Chances are if you are surviving at sea then you aren’t the only one who will need to stay alive. If you read this chapter you’d keep most people alive (except that fat person you had to kill for food, but we’re not judging you) and will likely be a hero. Seriously though, you’ll need water because salt water is bad for you, will make you dead, and tastes really bad and the scorching sun being reflected by the miles and miles of water will be relentless. If you don’t have the information in this chapter then you’re not going to make it.

From the table of contents alone, you can see that this book is chock full of solid information. I didn’t even cover the wealth of information in the Appendixes!

If you don’t have a survival manual, then I highly recommend the that you get a copy of the FM 21-76 or the SAS Survival Guide (which also comes in a pocket edition size)!

Even if you just read it, when you’re on the can, you’re going to pick up some good tidbits, that will come in handy.

This manual can be found cheap at military surplus stores or can be purchased online. Buy a few copies, toss one in your trunk or glove compartment along with a few mylar space blankets, a multi-tool (Leatherman or Gerber are fine, but I’m a Swiss Army Knife guy) , and a good bic lighter and your chances to survive just got better!